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Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Immunoassay, Radiolabeled Antigen, Antigen-Antibody Reaction Subjects: Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Immunology, Clinical Biochemistry, Gamma Counter, Radioactive Isotopes, Diagnostic Techniques, Medical Laboratory Technology, Nuclear Medicine, Immunoassays, Laboratory Instrumentation Disciplines: Medical Laboratory Technology, Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology, Pathology, Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory Medicine, Healthcare Sciences Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique used for the quantitative estimation of various biological substances such as hormones, drugs, enzymes, vitamins, and proteins present in very low concentrations. The technique is based on the principle of competitive binding between a radiolabeled antigen and an unlabeled antigen for a limited number of specific antibody binding sites. The amount of radioactivity measured is inversely proportional to the concentration of antigen present in the sample. The present project provides a comprehensive overview of Radioimmunoassay, including its history, principles, components, working mechanism, procedure, applications, care and maintenance, specifications, and recent advancements. The development of RIA by Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon A. Berson revolutionized clinical diagnostics and earned worldwide recognition due to its exceptional accuracy and sensitivity in detecting substances at picogram levels. RIA plays a significant role in clinical laboratories, endocrinology, pharmacology, immunology, nuclear medicine, and biomedical research. The Gamma Counter serves as the primary instrument used to measure the radioactivity emitted by radiolabeled compounds. Through competitive antigen-antibody reactions and precise radioactive measurements, RIA enables accurate diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases and physiological conditions. Recent advancements in automation, microfluidic technology, multiplex assays, and improved detection systems have further enhanced the efficiency, sensitivity, and reliability of RIA. Although the use of radioactive materials requires strict safety measures and specialized equipment, RIA remains one of the most valuable analytical techniques in laboratory medicine. The study concludes that Radioimmunoassay continues to be an important diagnostic and research tool due to its high precision, specificity, and ability to detect extremely low concentrations of analytes.
The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Madhu Kumbhkar, Ms. Muskan Mansuri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO DIFFERENT TREATMENT PROTOCOLS IN REDUCING NECK DISABILITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Series: Innovations in Physiotherapy Science Keywords: Neck Pain, Non-Specific Neck Pain, Mechanical Neck Pain, Myofascial Trigger Points, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, Myofascial Release Technique, Ischemic Compression, Trigger Point Release, Neck Disability, Cervical Lateral Flexion Subjects: Neck Pain, Non-Specific Neck Pain, Myofascial Release;, Ischemic Compression, Trigger Point Therapy Disciplines: Physiotherapy, Orthopaedic Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Clinical Physiotherapy Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting individuals involved in prolonged sitting, repetitive activities, and poor postural habits. Myofascial trigger points present in cervical muscles are considered a major contributing factor in chronic non-specific neck pain and may lead to pain, reduced cervical mobility, and functional disability. Various manual therapy techniques are used in physiotherapy management for reducing symptoms associated with myofascial trigger points. Among these techniques, Myofascial Release (MFR) and Ischemic Compression (IC) are commonly used interventions. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Myofascial Release and Ischemic Compression in reducing pain and neck disability and improving cervical lateral flexion in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. A comparative study design was used. Fifty subjects aged between 20–60 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 25 subjects each. Group A received hot fomentation, Myofascial Release technique, and stretching exercises, whereas Group B received hot fomentation, Ischemic Compression technique, and stretching exercises. Treatment was administered once daily for four weeks. Outcome measures included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, Neck Disability Index (NDI) for functional disability, and goniometric measurement of cervical lateral flexion. Assessments were performed before treatment, after two weeks, and after four weeks of intervention. The results of the study demonstrated improvement in both groups with reduction in pain intensity and neck disability along with increased cervical lateral flexion. However, Group A treated with Myofascial Release showed comparatively greater improvement than Group B treated with Ischemic Compression. Statistical analysis indicated significant changes in VAS, NDI, and cervical lateral flexion values following treatment. The study concluded that both Myofascial Release and Ischemic Compression are effective in managing chronic non-specific neck pain associated with myofascial trigger points. However, Myofascial Release technique was found to be more effective in reducing pain and disability and improving cervical mobility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Neha Gaur, Dr. Divya Khare, Dr. Ajay Kumar Upadhyay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
STUDY ON PHENOTYPIC DETECTION OF INDUCIBLE CLINDAMYCIN RESISTANCE AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES BY USING THE LOWER LIMIT OF RECOMMENDED INTER DISK DISTANCE
Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Inducible Clindamycin Resistance, D-test, MRSA, MLSB Resistance, Phenotypic Detection Subjects: Staphylococcus aureus, Inducible Clindamycin Resistance, MRSA, D-test, Antimicrobial Resistance, Clinical Microbiology, Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Disciplines: Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Technology, Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Medical Sciences, Healthcare Diagnostics Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens responsible for a wide range of community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and inducible clindamycin resistance has become a major therapeutic challenge. Clindamycin is commonly used for the treatment of staphylococcal infections because of its excellent tissue penetration and oral bioavailability. However, inducible resistance mediated through the MLSB phenotype may result in treatment failure if not detected properly. Aim and Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MRSA strains among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, to detect inducible clindamycin resistance by D-test using the lower limit of recommended inter-disk distance, and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Index Medical College and Hospital, Indore, from April 2020 to April 2021. A total of 613 clinical samples including pus, urine, blood, sputum, and endotracheal aspirates were collected and processed by standard microbiological procedures. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, and mannitol fermentation test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected by D-test using erythromycin and clindamycin discs placed at 15 mm edge-to-edge distance. Results: Among the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, varying resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics were observed. The D-test identified inducible MLSB resistance among erythromycin-resistant and clindamycin-sensitive isolates. MRSA strains showed comparatively higher resistance rates than MSSA strains. Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance was found to be important for preventing therapeutic failure and guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: Routine detection of inducible clindamycin resistance by D-test should be included in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Early identification of MLSB resistance phenotypes helps clinicians in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy and reducing the spread of resistant strains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mr. Durgesh Kumar Yadav, Dr. Ramanath Karicheri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Flame Photometer, Flame Emission Spectroscopy, Alkali Metals, Sodium Analysis, Potassium Analysis, Lithium Detection, Atomic Emission, Clinical Biochemistry, Electrolyte Analysis, Instrumentation, Nebulizer Subjects: Flame Photometer, Flame Emission Spectroscopy, Clinical Biochemistry,, Laboratory Instrumentation, Electrolyte Analysis Disciplines: Medical Laboratory Technology, Clinical Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Laboratory Sciences Flame photometry is an analytical technique widely used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium. The present project provides a detailed study of the flame photometer, including its principle, components, working procedure, applications, maintenance, and recent advancements. The instrument works on the principle that metal ions, when introduced into a flame, absorb thermal energy and emit light at characteristic wavelengths. The intensity of the emitted light is directly proportional to the concentration of the element present in the sample. This project explains the major components of the flame photometer such as burner, nebulizer, monochromator, detector, and readout system, along with their individual functions in the analytical process. The working procedure and calibration methods used for accurate estimation of metal ions have also been discussed. Flame photometry is widely applied in clinical laboratories for electrolyte analysis, in environmental studies for water and soil testing, in agriculture for fertilizer analysis, and in industrial laboratories for quality control. The project also highlights the advantages of flame photometry including simplicity, rapid analysis, cost-effectiveness, and good sensitivity for selected elements. Limitations such as interference effects and restricted elemental analysis have also been described. Recent advancements like digital integration, automation, portable instruments, and multi-element analysis have improved the efficiency and accuracy of flame photometers. Overall, flame photometry remains an important analytical tool in modern laboratories due to its reliability, precision, and broad range of applications in medical, environmental, agricultural, and industrial fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mr. Vinayak Namdev, Ms. Kalpana Patidar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
OBESITY IS A PROBLEM THAT IS CAUSING CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, GASTROINTESTINAL, OBSTETRIC, REPRODUCTIVE, PULMONARY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASES
Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Disorders, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Pulmonary Complications, Psychological Effects Subjects: Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Disorders, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Pulmonary Complications, Psychological Effects, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Public Health Disciplines: Medical Biochemistry, Medical Laboratory Technology, Public Health, Clinical Research, Healthcare Sciences Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in India has surged due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and dietary shifts. This trend poses a substantial burden on the healthcare system, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its consequences. Aim and Objective: The study aims to investigate the multifaceted impact of obesity on various health domains in India, including cardiovascular, metabolic, gastrointestinal, obstetric, reproductive, pulmonary, and psychological health. The objective is to identify the correlation between obesity and these health issues, and to provide a basis for targeted public health interventions. Materials and Methods: This observational study analyzes data from various sources, including national health surveys, hospital records, and peer-reviewed research articles from 2010 to 2023. The study population includes obese individuals aged 18-65 years across different regions of India. Data analysis involves statistical methods to assess the prevalence and association of obesity with the specified health complications. Observations and Results: Cardiovascular Impact: A significant correlation was found between obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with obese individuals showing higher rates of hypertension (36%), coronary artery disease (27%), and stroke (15%). Metabolic Consequences: Obesity was strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (42%) and metabolic syndrome (33%). Insulin resistance was prevalent in 68% of the obese population studied. Gastrointestinal Disorders: The study observed a high incidence of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (30%), gallstones (20%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (18%) among obese Obstetric and Reproductive Health: Obesity was linked to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (24%), infertility (18%), and adverse pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes (22%) and preeclampsia (15%). Fetal development complications were also noted, with a higher risk of congenital anomalies (12%) and childhood obesity (17%). Pulmonary Complications: Respiratory conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (25%) and asthma (19%) were prevalent among the obese population. Psychological Effects: A notable prevalence of psychological disorders was observed, including depression (35%), anxiety (28%), and low self- esteem (40%). Stigmatization further exacerbated these conditions. Conclusion: Addressing obesity in India requires a multi-faceted approach involving public health interventions, lifestyle modifications, and medical management. Early detection and holistic treatment strategies are essential to mitigate the extensive health impacts of obesity and improve the overall quality of life for affected individuals."
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Uzma, Mr. Suryadev Singh Bais (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
भागलपुर जिला में आंगनबाड़ी कार्यक्रम की भूमिका का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन
Series: Research Series on Sociology Keywords: आंगनवाड़ी कार्यक्रम, एकीकृत बाल विकास सेवा (ICDS), बाल विकास, मातृ एवं शिशु स्वास्थ्य, बाल पोषण, प्रारंभिक बाल्यावस्था देखभाल एवं शिक्षा, ग्रामीण विकास, महिला एवं बाल कल्याण Subjects: Anganwadi Programme, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Child Development, Maternal and Child Health, Women Empowerment;, Rural Sociology, Child Nutrition, Community Welfare, Social Development Disciplines: Sociology, Social Work, Rural Development, Public Health, Women and Gender Studies, Child Development Studies आंगनवाड़ी कार्यक्रम भारत सरकार द्वारा संचालित एक महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक कल्याण योजना है, जिसका उद्देश्य महिलाओं एवं बच्चों के स्वास्थ्य, पोषण तथा समग्र विकास को सुनिश्चित करना है। यह अध्ययन “भागलपुर जिला में आंगनवाड़ी कार्यक्रम की भूमिका का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन” विषय पर आधारित है। अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य आंगनवाड़ी केन्द्रों द्वारा प्रदान की जाने वाली सेवाओं, उनके प्रभाव, कार्यप्रणाली तथा ग्रामीण एवं शहरी समुदायों में उनकी सामाजिक उपयोगिता का विश्लेषण करना है। इस शोध में आंगनवाड़ी कार्यक्रम के अंतर्गत पोषण, टीकाकरण, स्वास्थ्य जांच, पूर्व-प्राथमिक शिक्षा तथा मातृ-शिशु कल्याण सेवाओं की भूमिका का अध्ययन किया गया है। साथ ही यह भी जानने का प्रयास किया गया है कि कार्यक्रम के क्रियान्वयन में कौन-कौन सी सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं प्रशासनिक समस्याएँ उपस्थित हैं। अध्ययन के लिए समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण अपनाया गया है तथा प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक दोनों प्रकार के आंकड़ों का उपयोग किया गया है। अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि आंगनवाड़ी केन्द्र ग्रामीण एवं पिछड़े क्षेत्रों में महिलाओं और बच्चों के स्वास्थ्य एवं पोषण स्तर में सुधार लाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहे हैं। हालांकि संसाधनों की कमी, कर्मचारियों पर कार्यभार, जागरूकता की कमी तथा प्रशासनिक चुनौतियाँ कार्यक्रम की प्रभावशीलता को प्रभावित करती हैं। अतः निष्कर्ष रूप में कहा जा सकता है कि यदि आंगनवाड़ी सेवाओं को अधिक संसाधन, प्रशिक्षित कार्यकर्ता तथा सामुदायिक सहयोग प्राप्त हो, तो यह कार्यक्रम समाज के कमजोर वर्गों के सामाजिक एवं स्वास्थ्य विकास में और अधिक प्रभावी सिद्ध हो सकता है।
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Copyright (c) 2026 डॉ. ब्रजेश कुमार सिंह (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Trauma on Different Parameters of Coagulation Profile and Markers of Fibrinolysis.
Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Trauma, Coagulopathy, Coagulation Profile, Fibrinolysis, Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, Platelet Count, Fibrinogen, D-Dimer Subjects: Trauma, Coagulation Profile, Fibrinolysis Markers,, Hematology, Hemostasis, Blood Coagulation, Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy, D-Dimer, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Disciplines: Medical Laboratory Technology, Medical Hematology, Pathology, Clinical Laboratory Science, Diagnostic Medicine Background: Trauma is the fifth leading cause of death in individuals between age 5 and 45 years worldwide. It will become the second leading cause by 2024. Significant blood loss can occur due to traumatic coagulopathy caused by trauma, called “Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy”. This has been scantily described in the literature. Objective: This study is aimed to study the effect of trauma on different parameters of coagulation profile and markers of fibrinolysis. Methodology :60 trauma patients between age 20 and 60 years were included. The incidence of coagulopathy was found to be 34% and overall mortality rate was 10.3 %. Association of variables like Tissue hypoperfusion, Severity of Injury, etc. with coagulopathy was proved to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Result and conclusion: Association of the abovesaid variables with mortality was also studied and some were found to be significant. Those which were significant in univariate analysis were taken for multiple logistic regression analysis. Patients presenting with an established coagulopathy were likely to have poor outcomes, and hence must be identified as soon as possible and treated aggressively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miss Muskan Mansuri, Dr Soma Yadav (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE STUDENTS TOWARDS SPECIALIZING IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
Series: The Advances in Medical Laboratory Science Research Series Keywords: Histopathology, Medical Laboratory Science, Awareness, Attitude, Career Choice, Histopathology Education, Medical Laboratory Students, Specialization, Healthcare Services Subjects: Histopathology, Medical Laboratory Science, Career Awareness, Student Attitude, Diagnostic Pathology, Healthcare Education Disciplines: Medical Laboratory Technology, Histopathology, Pathology,, Healthcare Sciences, Medical Education The objective of the research is to assess the awareness and attitude of Medical Laboratory Science (MLS) students towards histopathological specialty. The present study was based on data from one hundred (100) Medical Laboratory Science students. Questionnaires were distributed to all the Students from first year to intrens. Out of 350 Questionnaires, only 100 completed and returned there questionnaires. These students were from different backgrounds with age ranging from 15-26. The questions were designed to obtain “Yes”, “No” and “Unknown” answers. Inform consent was granted by the individual subjects. Thirteen (13) representing 13% of the total students choose to study Histopathology/Cytology, 43(36%) choose to study Hematology/Blood Transfusion Science, 28(28%) choose to study Medical Microbiology, and none (0%) choose Immunology and Parasitology discipline. Total of 18(18%) students out of the total number that participated liked Histopathology as a discipline in MLS, 68(68.0%) dislike Histopathology and 16(16%) where indifferent. Histopathology is an interesting specialty in MLS, but the decline of students and lectures calls for attention and if no measure is taking, one wonders what the future holds for this specialty
Copyright (c) 2026 Mr. ROHIT SEN, Dr. Rahul Karode, MD Pathology (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF AN AUDIO SESSION ON KNOWLEDGEREGARDING PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG VISUALLYIMPAIRED ADOLESCENT GIRLS AT SELECTED BLIND SCHOOL,HYDERABAD, TELANGANA
Keywords: Personal hygiene, Visually impaired adolescent girls, Audio session, Knowledge assessment, Blind school, Adolescent health, Hygiene education, Menstrual hygiene, Oral hygiene, Hand hygiene, Hair hygiene, Foot and nail hygiene, Health education, Hygiene practices, Visual impairment, School health nursing, Nursing intervention\, Health awareness, Quasi experimental study, Educational intervention, Self-care practices, Adolescent girls, Personal cleanliness, Reproductive health, Health promotion Subjects: Personal Hygiene, Visually Impaired Adolescent Girls, Audio Session, Health Education, Nursing Intervention, Menstrual Hygiene, Adolescent Health Disciplines: Nursing, Medical Surgical Nursing,, Community Health Nursing, Adolescent Health, Health Education and Promotion “The effectiveness of an audio session on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among visually impaired adolescent girls at selected blind school, Hyderabad Telangana.’’ Adolescents account for almost one third of India's population. According to W.H.O India is home to world’s largest number of blind people. Out of the 37 million people across the globe who are blind, over 15 million are from Indiaand1.2 per1000 between age group of 7- 15yrs are blind. The research approach selected for the study was Quasi experimental approach with non-equivalent control group design. The study was conducted among 60 visually impaired adolescent girls at Devnar school for blind, Begumpet. Purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the samples. Samples are divided into Control and Experimental group. The data were collected using structured knowledge questionnaire through interview method on one-to-one basis. The main study was conducted in Devnar school for blind Begumpet, and ethical clearance was taken from institutional ethical committee clinical studies (IEC-CS) Apollo institute of medical sciences and research. The results of this study showed that the overall mean knowledge score of visually impaired adolescent girls in experimental group was 22.7 with SD 4.5 and in control group mean knowledge score was 16.43 with SD 6.73 Paired t- test value was significant at “p” value .001 showed that there is significant difference in the knowledge score on visually impaired adolescent girls however the scores are not significant (p value .264) in control group. Chi-square test showed that there was significant association between knowledge with demographic variables like Age, standard of study, age of menarche, and source of information in experimental group. Hence the research hypothesis H2 is accepted for selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The study attempted to assess the effectiveness of an audio session on knowledge regarding personal hygiene among visually impaired adolescent girls and found that audio session is effective to improve their knowledge on personal hygiene practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mrs. Durga Choudhary, DR. D. Vasanthi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0